Sex Education - Fertilization and implantation | षेचन और आरोपण

    Sex Education - Fertilization and implantation | षेचन और आरोपण

 Sex Education - Fertilization and implantation | षेचन और आरोपण |

 

Fertilization And Implantation

Fertilization and implantation are the most critical events in the reproduction process. In this process, both egg and sperm are fused together to form a zygote. Later it gets implanted into the uterus and the development of an organism.

Let us have a look at how fertilization in humans takes place.

Fertilization in Humans

“Fertilization in humans refers to the fusion of male and female gametes that facilitates the development of a new organism.”

Fertilization is the natural life process, which is carried out by the fusion of both male and female gametes, which results in the formation of a zygote. In humans, the process of fertilization takes place in the fallopian tube.

During this process, semen comprising thousands of sperms are inseminated into the female vagina during coitus. The sperms move towards the uterus and reach the opening of the fallopian tube. only a few sperms will succeed in reaching the opening of the fallopian tube.

The secondary oocyte releases from the matured Grafian follicle of the ovary and enters into the fallopian tube, where it is fertilized within 24 hours, after which it is released from the ovary.

Though surrounded by several sperms, the oocyte is fertilized by a single sperm. During meiosis-II, the sperm enters the secondary oocyte and completes the meiosis. After this, the secondary oocyte is known as the egg.

Both sperm and egg can show their vitality only to a limited period. Sperm is alive for 48-72 hours in a female reproductive system, whereas the egg can be fertilized for 24 hours before it is released.

Also Read: Internal and External Fertilization

Steps of Fertilization in Humans

The fertilization process in humans takes place in several stages involving both the chemical and physical events. The different stages of fertilization in humans are mentioned below:

Acrosomal Reaction

The sperms incapacitation undergo acrosomal reactions and release certain chemicals known as sperm lysins present in the acrosome.

Due to the acrosomal reactions, the plasma membrane of the secondary oocyte and the sperm are fused together so that the contents of the sperms can enter. When the plasma membrane of the sperm binds with that of the secondary oocyte, the plasma membrane of the oocyte depolarizes. This prevents polyspermy.

Calcium ions play a significant role in the acrosomal reaction. The main factors essential for acrosomal reactions are optimum pH, temperature and calcium and magnesium concentration.

Cortical Reaction

Soon after the fusion of the plasma membranes, the oocyte shows cortical reactions. Cortical granules found under the plasma membrane of the oocyte, which fuses with the plasma membrane and releases cortical enzymes between the zona pellucida and plasma membrane. The zona pellucida is hardened by the cortical enzymes that prevent polyspermy.

Sperm Entry

A projection known as the cone of reception is formed by the secondary oocyte at the point of sperm contact. This cone of reception receives the sperm.

Karyogamy

After the entry of the sperm, the suspended second meiotic division is completed by the secondary oocyte. This gives rise to a haploid ovum and a second polar body.

The head of the sperm containing the nucleus detaches from the entire sperm and is known as male pronucleus. The tail and the second polar body degenerates. The nucleus of the ovum is known as female pronuclei.

The male and female pronuclei fuse and their nuclear membranes degenerate. The fusion of the chromosomes of male and female gametes is called karyogamy. The ovum is now fertilized and is known as a zygote.

 Activation of Eggs

The entry of sperm triggers the metabolism in the zygote. Consequently, protein synthesis and cellular respiration increase.

Implantation

Once fertilization happens, the cell starts to divide and multiply within 24 hours in the fallopian tube. This detached multi-celled structure is called a zygote. Later, after 3-4 days it travels to the uterus and now we call it as an embryo.

The embryo develops and undergoes various stages and gets attached to the endometrial layer of the uterus. This process of attachment is known as implantation. 

Also Read: Implantation

Sex Determination

Fertilization is the process in which a new cell is formed when two gametes (sex cells) –sperm and ova fuse together. During this unbiased event, all genetic information is transferred from both the parents to their child and the gender of the child is determined.

Father determines the sex of the child, i.e. if the sperm carries a Y chromosome, the child will be a boy and if sperm carries X chromosome child will be a girl.

Also read: Determination Of Sex

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the human fertilization?

The fusion of male and female gametes occurring in the ampulla of the fallopian tube is known as fertilization in humans.

How long does it take for the egg to get fertilized?

The egg is alive for about 12-24 hours after its release from the ovary. If it is not fertilized by this time, it disintegrates and is shed off by the uterine lining.

How long does sperm live?

The sperm stays alive for about 72 hours. The sperms swim upwards to the fallopian tube to fertilize the egg. The faster the sperm swims, the earlier it reaches the egg.

What are the different phases of fertilization?

The different phases of fertilization include- penetration, where the sperm releases acrosomal enzymes to penetrate inside the egg; activation, where the egg membrane depolarizes; and fusion of nuclei and formation of zygote.

What is the sole purpose of fertilization?

The main purpose of fertilization is to combine the haploid chromosome sets of two individuals into a single diploid cell known as the zygote which is the result of activation of the egg.

What are the different types of fertilization?

There are two different types of fertilization- internal fertilization, where the fusion of egg and sperm occurs inside the female reproductive tract, for eg., humans; and external fertilization, where the fusion of male and female gametes occurs outside the body of the organism, for eg., sea urchins, frogs, etc.

What would happen if fertilization does not occur?

If fertilization does not occur, there will be no zygote formation and egg will degenerate and shed through the uterine lining.

What is implantation?

Implantation is the stage where the embryo adheres to the wall of the uterus.

How Do Organisms Reproduce | जीव कैसे प्रजनन करते हैं

 How Do Organisms Reproduce | जीव कैसे प्रजनन करते हैं

       

 How Do Organisms Reproduce | जीव कैसे प्रजनन करते हैं 

Reproduction

Reproduction is the process by which all organisms multiply in number and increase their population.

Asexual reproduction

Asexual reproduction is a method of reproduction that involves only one organism. A single organism reproduces two or multiple organisms on its own. This is seen in all unicellular organisms, some multicellular organisms and a few plants.

Sexual reproduction

The mode of reproduction that involves two individuals; one male and one female. They produce sex cells or gametes which fuse to form a new organism.

Asexual Reproduction

Fission

• Fission is an asexual reproduction that is common in most of the unicellular organisms.
• When the fission results in two daughter cells, it is binary fission (e.g. paramecium).
• When fission results in many daughter cells, it is called multiple fission (e.g. Plasmodium).
• Planes of fission may be different for different organisms.

 

Budding

• Budding is a type of asexual reproduction in which a small cyst-like structure is formed on the parent’s body, which gives rise to a new individual.
• Bud may remain attached to the parent (yeast) or may separate and become a new individual (hydra).

Regeneration and fragmentation

• Regeneration is the process of growing back the lost organ or body part by the organism (e.g. lizard).
• Fragmentation is the process by which an organism gets fragmented into smaller pieces and each piece grows into a whole new organism.
• E.g. Planaria, Hydra

• Fragmentation and Regeneration in Hydra

Spore formation

Organisms such as fungi make spores that can grow into complete new individuals when dispersed from their fruiting body.

Vegetative propagation

• This is a type of asexual reproduction seen in plants.
• The vegetative part of the plant, like leaves, stem, roots, gives rise to a new plant.
• Vegetative propagation can be artificial or natural.
• Natural vegetative propagation happens through leaves (e.g. bryophyllum), stem (e.g. turmeric, ginger), runners/stolon (e.g.grass runners, strawberry), bulbs ( e.g. onion, lily), etc.
• Artificial methods include cutting, grafting, layering and plant tissue culture.

Sexual Reproduction

Types of Cell division

Two types of cell division seen in eukaryotic organisms:

Mitosis

• Takes place in somatic cells
• Maintains the chromosome number
• Produces two, diploid daughter cells
• Required for asexual reproduction, development and growth, cell replacement and  regeneration

Meiosis

• Takes place in sex cells
• Reduces the number of chromosomes by half
• Produces four haploid daughter cells
• Required for sexual reproduction, i.e gamete formation

The Reproductive System

Male reproductive system

• The main reproductive organ in males is a pair of testes.
• They produce the male sex cells called sperms and also produce male sex hormone testosterone.

Male main reproductive organs

• The main reproductive organ in males is a pair of testes.
• They are present in scrotal sacs outside the body and contain seminiferous tubules as the structural and functional unit.
• Male sex cells, sperms, are produced by seminiferous tubules and mature in the epididymis.
• Leydig cells or interstitial cells present in between the seminiferous tubules secrete hormone testosterone.

Male accessory reproductive organs

• Several accessory reproductive organs that aid in the reproductive process.
• The prostate gland and the seminal vesicles are glands of reproductive system which make semen and nourish the sperms.
• Penis, having urethra passing through it, is called copulatory organ.

Male Ducts

• In males, the vas deferens and the urethra are the main ducts.
• A single vas deferens carries sperms from respective testis up to urethra.
• Urethra acts as a common passage for semen and urine.

Female reproductive system

The human female reproductive system consists of a pair of ovaries, a pair of fallopian tubes/oviducts and the accessory organs such as the uterus and the vagina.

Female main reproductive organ

• The main reproductive organ in a female is a pair of ovaries.
• They produce the female sex cells called eggs or ova and also produce female sex hormones called estrogen and progesterone.

Female accessory reproductive organ

• Uterus and vagina are the accessory reproductive organs in human females.
• The uterus is the site of fetal development and vagina receives sperms from the male.

Menstrual Cycle

Menstruation

• Menstruation is the cyclic event of the release of the ovum from the ovary and its removal from the body when fertilization does not happen.
• During menstruation, the blood-rich endometrium of the uterus also breaks down while the ovum is being removed from the body.
• Two pituitary hormones, LH and FSH and two ovarian hormones, estrogen and progesterone, all have their roles in menstruation.
• In humans, the cycle repeats every 28 days.

To know more about Menstrual Cycle, visit here.

Fertilization

Human reproduction

Humans reproduce sexually. The male produces sperms and the female produces eggs. When the sperm fuses with the egg, it forms a zygote that gives rise to a new progeny.

To know more about Fertilization, visit here.

Contraceptive Methods

Reproductive health

Reproductive health deals with the prevention of STDs and unwanted pregnancy. Understanding the reproductive system is also a part of reproductive health awareness.

Contraceptives

• Contraceptives are devices that prevent unwanted pregnancy and help avoid STDs.
• Contraceptives can be of various types such as mechanical barriers, hormonal/chemical methods, surgical methods, etc.

Coitus Interruptus

• It is a very unreliable contraceptive method where the coitus is stopped before the male ejaculates inside the female reproductive tracts.

Rhythm Method

• Another unreliable method of contraception where coitus is avoided when the female is fertile and the chances of fertilization are very high.

Condoms

• One of the most effective methods of contraception.
• A mechanical barrier that stops the semen from entering the female tract preventing pregnancy.
• It also avoids the possibility of contracting STDs.

Diaphragms

• Diaphragms are barriers that can be added inside the female reproductive tracts.
• They stop the entry of semen inside the female tract and thus prevent pregnancy.

Contraceptive Pills

• Contraceptive pills are chemical methods of contraception.
• They change the level of hormones in the body that prevents the release of the ovum from the ovaries.

Emergency Pill

• Emergency pills are those pills which can be taken after coitus to avoid pregnancy.
• They quickly change the level of hormones in the body and prevent a successful implantation even if the egg gets fertilized.

IUD

• IUD stands for Intrauterine Device.
• They can be used for a couple of years.
• It is a device that is inserted into the uterus, changing its shape and preventing successful implantation of the zygote.

Sterilization

• Sterilization is a surgical method of going permanently sterile.
• This can be done in both males and females.
• In males, it is called vasectomy and in females, it is called tubal ligation.

To know more about Contraceptive Methods, visit here.

Reproduction in Plants

Sexual reproduction in flowering plants

• Sexual reproduction in plants happens through flowers.
• Essential whorls of the flowers such as androecium and the gynoecium help in the sexual reproduction of plants.

Non-essential parts of flowers

• The typical structure of flower contains essential whorls and non-essential whorls.
• Sepals and Petals are called non-essential whorls as they do not directly take part in reproduction.
• Sepals protect the inner delicate whorl during bud condition and also perform photosynthesis if they are green in colour.
• Petals, when they are coloured, attract insects for pollination.

Essential whorls of flowers

• Androecium and gynoecium are called as essential/reproductive whorls of a flower.
• Androecium produces pollen grains containing male gametes and gynoecium produces ovules which are female gametes.
• Bisexual flowers contain both the whorls while unisexual flowers contain either of them.
• Each individual member of androecium is called a stamen and consists of anther and filament.
• Anther produces haploid pollen grains.
• Each individual member of gynoecium is called pistil and consists of stigma, style and ovary.
  

Pollination

The process of transfer of pollen grains from anthers to the stigma of a flower is known as pollination.

• It is required for fertilization.
• Pollination has two types, self-pollination (autogamy) and cross-pollination (allogamy).
• In self-pollination, transfer of pollen grains takes place from anthers to the stigma of the same flower or another flower of the same plant.
• In cross-pollination, pollens are transferred from anthers to the stigma of another flower.
• Many pollinating agents play their roles in cross-pollination. Examples: water, wind, insects, birds, bats, etc.

Fertilization

Fusion of male and female gametes is known as fertilization.

• In flowering plants after pollination, the pollens germinate on the stigma surface of pistil and generate two male nuclei.
• Ovule has egg cell and two polar nuclei.
• One male nucleus fuses with two polar nuclei and forms triploid endosperm.
• Another male nucleus fuses with the egg cell and forms the zygote that gives rise to the embryo and future plant.
• After fertilization, ovary becomes fruit and ovules turn into seeds. All other parts wither away.

किशोरावस्था और युवावस्था - What is Adolescences and Puberty

 किशोरावस्था और युवावस्था - What is Adolescences and Puberty

       

 किशोरावस्था और युवावस्था - What is Adolescences and Puberty

शारीरिक वृद्धि हो रही है और यह भी एक प्राकृतिक प्रक्रम है हमारे जीवन काल की वो अवधि जब शरीर में ऐसे परिवर्तन होते हैं जिसके परिणाम स्वरूप जनन परिपक्वता आती है किशोर अवस्था कहलाती है | किशोरावस्था लगभग 11 वर्ष की आयु से प्रारंभ होकर 18 या 19 वर्ष की आयु तक रहती है इसलिए शायद आप सब किशोरावस्था में है अंग्रेजी के तीन 13 14 आदि से 19 वर्ष तक की आयु होती है किशोर को टीनएजर्स [Teenagers] भी कहा जाता है और  लड़कियों में यह अवस्था लड़कों की अपेक्षा 1 या 2 वर्ष पूर्व प्रारंभ हो जाती है किशोरावस्था की अवधि व्यक्तियों में भिन्न-भिन्न होती है अतः अगर आप की वृद्धि आपकी फ्रेंड [Friend] की तुलना में कम या अधिक है चिंता करने की कोई जरूरत नहीं है हमारे शरीर में किशोरावस्था के दौरान अनेक परिवर्तन आते हैं यह परिवर्तन  आरंभ का संकेत है और सबसे महत्वपूर्ण परिवर्तन  [Boys] लड़कe एवं लड़कियों की जनन क्षमता का विकास किशोर की जन्म परिपक्वता के साथ ही युग समाप्त हो जाता है अतः जो हमारे जीवन का बहुत महत्वपूर्ण चरण है क्योंकि हम यौवनारंभ की माध्यम से एक व्यस्क बन जाती हैं iske दौरान हमारे शरीर का आकार कैसे बदलता है संक्षिप्त में कहीं तो लड़के आदमी की तरह दिखतe हैं और लड़कियां औरत दिखने लगती है 

आइए जानते हैं कि यौवन आरंभ में हमारे शरीर में क्या क्या परिवर्तन आते हैं सबसे प्रमुख परिवर्तन या 1 आरंभ में है |

1 - लंबाई में एकाएक वृद्धि इस समय हाथ और पैरों की हस्तियों की लंबाई में वृद्धि होती है और व्यक्ति लंबा हो जाता है यौवनारंभ के प्रारंभ में लड़कों में आप देखेंगे कंधे चौड़e हो जातe हैं तथा छाती चौड़ी हो जाती है 

2 - लड़कियों में कमर का निचला भाग चौड़ा हो जाता है और लड़कों में शारीरिक परिवर्तन लड़कियों की अपेक्षा सुस्पष्ट एवं काफी दिखते हैं आपने यह जरूर देखा होगा कि कभी-कभी आपकी क्लास के कुछ लड़कों की आवाज     [loud] फटने  लगती है पर क्यों इसलिए कि यौवनारंभ में स्वर यंत्र फ्लोरिंग में वृद्धि का प्रारंभ होता है लड़कों में बढ़ता हुआ स्वर यंत्र गले के सामने की ओर सुस्पष्ट उभरी बाकी रूप में दिखाई देता है जिसे adam's apple कहते हैं आप में से बहुतों को अभी  मुंहासे नहीं होते लेकिन जब हम किशोरावस्था में आते हैं तो हमें मुंहासे होते हैं क्यों क्योंकि किशोरावस्था में स्वेद ग्रंथि जो वास्तव में तेल ग्रंथि है हमारी त्वचा के नीचे तेल का स्राव करने लगती है यह पदार्थ त्वचा की सतह के नीचे जमा हो जाता है जिससे मुंहासे निकलने लगते हैं ग्रंथियां और तेल ग्रंथियां वाहिनी द्वारा स्रावित करती है यदि त्वचा के छिद्र से भर जाते हैं तो मुहांसों की निकलने की संभावना बढ़ जाती है क्योंकि तेल पदार्थ आसानी से जमा हो जाते हैं इसलिए आप अपनी त्वचा को साफ रखें और मुंहासे होने की संभावना है योग Teenagers के दौरान जननांग पूर्ण विकसित हो जाते हैं sex Organ जननांग जैसे कि वृषण एवं पूर्ण विकसित हो जाते हैं Sperms शुक्राणुओं का उत्पादन प्रारंभ हो जाता है लड़कियों में अंडाशय की साइज में वृद्धि हो जाती है तथा अन्य परिपक्व होने लगते हैं अंडाणु का निर्मोचन भी प्रारंभ हो जाता है यौवनारंभ में लड़कों और लड़कियों में कुछ विशिष्ट विशेषताएं विकसित होते हैं जिसके कारण वह अलग अलग दिखने लगते हैं जैसे लड़कों के चेहरे पर बाल अर्थात मूंछ और दाढ़ी आने लगती है लड़कों की सीने पर भी बाल आनी प्रारंभ हो जाती हैं युवावस्था में लड़कियों में स्तनों का विकास होने लगता है तो यह लक्षण जैसे लड़कों के चेहरे पर मूछ और दाढ़ी तथा लड़कियों में स्तनों का विकास दोनों के बीच के अंतर को पहचानने में सहायता करते हैं और इन्हें हम गोंड लैंगिक लक्षण कहते हैं इसके अतिरिक्त दोनों लड़के एवं लड़कियों की बगल में बाल आने लगती हैं तथा जांघ की ऊपरी भाग अथवा प्यूबिक क्षेत्र में भी बाल आने लगते हैं इस दौरान किशोरों में मानसिक रूप से भी परिवर्तन होते हैं इस अवधि में किशोरों की सोचने के ढंग में भी परिवर्तन आने लगते हैं उनमें बौद्धिक विकास होने लगता है तथा वह सोचने विचारने में भी काफी समय लेने लगते हैं वह अपने आसपास के बारे में और अधिक जागरूक हो जातe हैं अधिक निरीक्षण करने लगते हैं और अपनी राय कायम करना शुरू करते हैं पहले की अपेक्षा में वह अधिक स्वतंत्र हो जाते हैं पर साथ ही संकोच भी हो जाते हैं कभी-कभी किशोर शारीरिक परिवर्तनों के प्रति अपने आप को डालिए प्रयास करता हूं वह स्वयं को असुरक्षित महसूस करता है लेकिन इसकी आवश्यकता नहीं है क्योंकि बच्चों यह परिवर्तन प्राकृतिक है जो शारीरिक वृद्धि के कारण उत्पन्न होते हैं और आप देखेंगे कि यह परिवर्तन केवल आप ही नहीं  बल्कि आपकe मित्रों में भी होते हैं | यौवनारंभ होने पर व्यक्ति जन्म की सक्षम हो जाता है 11 वर्ष की आयु से 19 वर्ष तक की आयु की अवधि किशोर अवस्था कहलाती है किशोरावस्था में लंबाई में वृद्धि होती  प्रारंभ होने पर जंNn में वृद्धि होती है शरीर के विभिन्न अंगों में बाल आने लगती हैं लड़कियों में विकसित हो जाती हैं तथा लड़कों के चेहरे पर दाढ़ी मूछ आ जाते हैं किशोरावस्था में स्वर यंत्र की वृद्धि के कारण लड़कों की आवाज फटने लगती है यह परिवर्तन सामान्य है और वृद्धि काल का एक सामान्य भाग्य अपने आप को सुरक्षित महसूस ना करें जागरूक रहें |

Puberty in Girls | लड़कियों में यौवन

 Puberty in Girls | लड़कियों में यौवन

       

 Puberty in Girls | लड़कियों में यौवन

 लड़कियों में बेटी की बात करते हैं आपकी टीनएज Teenage  का समय आपके लिए बहुत मुश्किल होता है और उससे ज्यादा मुश्किल hota hai or us se bhi zada aapke Parents के लिए क्योंकि आप में कई बदलाव आ रहे होते हैं | इसमें  आपकी गलती ना हो क्योंकि आपके शरीर में बहुत से hormonal चेंज होते हैं | puberty वह समय है जब एक बच्चे का शरीर धीरे धीरे Mature रूप लेता है जो कि Reproduction और fertilization फर्टिलाइजेशन कर पाता है इसकी शुरुआत होती है isske sath jo aapke Libido ko traeger  करता है और यौन संबंध इच्छाओं को बढ़ाता है और साथ ही आप की हड्डियां, त्वचा, blood, hairs और सभी चीजों में ग्रोथ लाता है इस दौरान आपकी Height  हाइट और वजन में काफी बदलाव होता है इसलिए agar aap chubby थी तो बाद में पतले हो जाएंगे या हाइट कम थी तो अचानक बढ़ जाएगी लड़कियों में आमतौर पर 10 से 12 साल में आती है और लड़कों में देर से आती है लेकिन लड़कियों में भी विधि जल्दी खत्म होती है इसलिए अगर कोई लड़की class (क्लास) में सबसे ऊंची हो तो घबराने की जरूरत नहीं है लड़के दसवीं और बारहवीं तक तुम्हारी हाइट (Height) को beat कर ही लेंगे | Puberty jaldi bhi aaskti hai or Late bhi हो सकती है या फिर जल्दी भी हो सकती है | सबसे पहला संकेत है |  स्तन ka aana ye change ek din mein nahi hota से जल्दी हासिल नहीं कर लेंगे लेकिन बाकी चीजें जैसे Arola ka dark hona (Nipple ka dark area)  और बढ़ना यह सब Puberty का हिस्सा है हो सकता है इस दौरान एक स्तन  दूसरे से बड़ा हो यह normal है आमतौर पर दिखाई देने वाला बदलाव होता है आपके Labia par hair ka grow hone lagta hai.  जैसे जैसे बाल बढ़ते हैं | uske area bhi badne lagta hai aur wo upper thigh tak aa jate hai. यौन अंग यानि की आप की Vagina,uterus, ovary  (change which are not visibal) जो आंखों से नजर नहीं आती है लेकिन इस दौरान शरीर में Estrogen की मात्रा बढ़ जाती है और और organs का साइज भी बढ़ने लगता है मैंने पहले भी कहा और फिर याद दिला रही हूं लड़कियों में Puberty  का बड़ा संकेत है Mensuration  इसी के बाद ही लड़कियां Pregnant प्रेग्नेंट हो पाती है 

Estrogen (increased enstrogen causes the Hips to widen) इनकी मात्रा बढ़ने से जुड़े होते हैं जिससे की Hips बड़ा हो जा ता है और शरीर के कुछ हिस्सों में Fat परसेंटेज बढ़ जाता है खासकर Breast, Hips,Butt, upper Arms & Thighs . Hormonal change के दौरान आपकी पसीने की बदबू बदल जाती है  ऐसा आए बदलाव की वजह से होता है साथ ही त्वचा ऑयली हो जाती है |

Later signs of puberty in girls

After a year or so of puberty beginning, and for the next couple of years:

• girls' breasts continue to grow and become fuller

• around 2 years after beginning puberty, girls usually have their first period

• pubic hair becomes coarser and curlier

• underarm hair begins to grow – some girls also have hair in other parts of their body, such as their top lip, and this is completely normal

• girls start to sweat more

• girls often get acne – a skin condition that shows up as different types of spots, including whiteheads, blackheads and pus-filled spots called pustules

• girls have a white vaginal discharge

• girls go through a growth spurt – from the time their periods start, girls grow 5 to 7.5cm (2 to 3 inches) annually over the next year or two, then reach their adult height

• most girls gain weight (which is normal) as their body shape changes – girls develop more body fat along their upper arms, thighs and upper back; their hips grow rounder and their waist gets narrower

After about 4 years of puberty in girls

• breasts becomes adult-like

• pubic hair has spread to the inner thigh

• genitals should now be fully developed

• girls stop growing taller

देखिये किन्नर के लिंग किस तरह के होते है | Kinner Facts Educational Video

 देखिये किन्नर के लिंग किस तरह के होते है | Kinner Facts Educational Video

              

 देखिये किन्नर के लिंग किस तरह के होते है | Kinner Facts 

ऐसे ही आप थोड़े असहज हो जाते होंगे समाज के अधिकतर लोग जिस से हीन भावना से देखते हैं लेकिन आपको जानकर हैरानी होगी कि किन्नरों का जिक्र पुराणों और ग्रंथों में भी किया गया है अक्सर देखा गया है कि लोगों के अंदर किन्नरों को जानने की उत्सुकता बहुत होती है मेडिकल साइंस की माने तो एक महिला जब गर्भवती होती है तो 3 महीने बाद शिशु के अंगों का विकास होने लगता है लेकिन इस बीच अगर महिला किसी बीमारी से ग्रसित हो जाती है या फिर किसी तरह की दवाओं का सेवन करती है तो हारमोंस की समस्या के वजह से शिशु में स्त्री और पुरुष है कि लिंक हो जाते हैं लेकिन दोनों में से कोई भी पूरी तरह से विकसित नहीं हो पाता या फिर कभी कभी किसी दुर्घटना की वजह से भी गर्भ के अंदर शिशु के लिंग का विकास नहीं हो पाता जिसके वजह से लोगों का जन्म होता है हमारे समाज में जब भी किसी ऐसे बच्चे का जन्म होता है और इस बात का पता जब किन्नर समुदाय को लगता है तो किन्नर समुदाय के लोग उसे लेकर चले जाते हैं वह उसे अपने समाज के नियमों के अनुसार पालते हैं किन्नर समुदाय के लोग शादी भी करते हैं दोस्तों लेकिन यह शादी आम लोगों के शादी के तरह नहीं होती किन्नर समुदाय के लोग अपने आराध्य देव Aravan से शादी करते हैं इस आदेश से 1 दिन के लिए होती है शादी के बाद किन्नर समुदाय के लोग अपने आराध्य देव Aravan की मूर्ति को मोहल्ले भरने Ghumte हैं और पूरे 1 दिन बाद उस मूर्ति को नष्ट कर दिया जाता है क्योंकि उनकी पुरानी कथाओं के अनुसार महाभारत युद्ध के दौरान अर्जुन के पुत्र Aravan का वध हो गया था किन्नू के पति के रूप में भी जाना जाता है मूर्ति को नष्ट करते ही सभी किन्नर सफेद साड़ी पहन लेते हैं और अपने आप को Vidhva मानते हैं और मातम मनाते हुए अपने मंगलसूत्र को काट देती है साथ ही अपने चूड़ियों को भी तोड़ देती है यह एक पर्व होता है जो किन्नर समुदाय द्वारा हर साल मनाया जाता है आप दोस्तों किन्नर की मृत्यु की बात करें तो किन्नरों की मृत्यु को लेकर आम आदमी को कोई भी जानकारी नहीं होती और ना ही कोई आम आदमी कभी किन्नर की शव यात्रा को देखता है क्योंकि जब किसी की मौत होती है तो उसके शव यात्रा 24:00 (Raat ko) के बाद निकाली जाती है ऐसा इसलिए होता है क्योंकि कोई भी आम इंसानों की शव यात्रा का साक्षी न बन सके के शव यात्रा में उनके अलावा समाज के दूसरे समुदाय का कोई भी शामिल नहीं होना चाहिए ऐसा एक नियम के समुदाय में आपको जानकर हैरानी होगी कि किसी भी की शव यात्रा में उसके साथ ही शौक नहीं मनाते क्योंकि उनका कि उन्हें इस नर्क भरे संसार से छुटकारा मिल गया और शव यात्रा से पहले किन्नर के मृत शरीर को चप्पल और जूतों से पीटा जाता है क्योंकि किन्नरों का मानना है कि पिछले जन्म के लिए किए गए पापों की वजह से उसका जन किन्नर समुदाय में हुआ है और चप्पल जूतों से पीटने की वजह से शायद उनके पिछले जन्म के पापों का खात्मा हो सके उससे भी चौंकाने वाली बात तो यह है कि किन्नर के शव को जलाते नहीं बल्कि दफनाते हैं हालांकि यह हिंदू धर्म को मानते हैं फिर भी किन्नर समुदाय के शवों को दफनाने बात है दोस्तों अपना हंसता और मुस्कुराता हुआ चेहरा लेकर आपकी हर खुशी में शरीक होते हैं लेकिन एक दिन अपने पूरे जीवन में एक ही दुआ मांगते हैं कि उन्हें अगले जन्म में भगवान किन्नर पैदा ना करें इस कलयुग में एक मात्र ही है जिनके Shrap और Dua होते हैं इसलिए करो हाय और आशीर्वाद बहुत महत्व रखते हैं दोस्त बच्चे का जन्म हो चाहे विवाह किन्नर समुदाय हमें आशीर्वाद देने के लिए जरूर आते हैं हमारे समाज में ऐसा माना जाता है कि जहां एक तरफ किन्नर का निरादर अर्श से फर्श तक ले जाता है बड़ों का आशीर्वाद रंक से राजा बना देता है आज से दूर समाज एक सच यह भी है अक्सर सुनने में आता है सुंदर होती है जो देखने में बहुत ही सुंदर हो ऐसे लड़कों को मौका पाते ही उनके अंग को काट कर शरीर से अलग कर दिया जाता है और उन्हें जाता है इसके बाद भले ही वह हो लेकिन उन्हें समाज में शामिल होना पड़ता है ऐसे देखने को मिले थे एक सच यह भी है दोस्तों की दुनिया में खुश रहते हैं मगर दुख की घड़ी में उनके साथ नहीं होता आज भी एक बना हुआ है जो आज भी समाज के लिए लड़ रहे हैं आज देश में कई जगहों पर के लिए कहीं ना कहीं उन्हें अपने साथ शामिल करने से करता है दोस्तों यह थे जिनके बारे में शायद आपने पहले कभी नहीं जाना होगा और आपके हर सुख में शरीक होने वाले समुदाय के बारे में आपकी क्या राय है

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Sex Education - 9 types of contraception you can use to prevent pregnancy

 

9 types of contraception you can use to prevent pregnancy (with pictures!)

9 प्रकार के गर्भनिरोधक आप गर्भावस्था को रोकने के लिए उपयोग कर सकते हैं

There are a lot of contraception options out there - the question is what one suits you best?

Getting frisky doesn’t have to be risky business – not when there are many contraception methods out there to suit different needs.

Contraception can be used to prevent pregnancy and some types will also protect you from sexually transmissible infections (STIs).

You might find yourself asking: Which method will be best for me and my lifestyle? Which method protects against STIs?

What about convenience of use? Possible side-effects? Cost? How effective will it be?

To celebrate World Contraception Day this September 26, join us as we break it down for you by exploring some of the most popular types of contraceptives - with pictures.  Starting with…

The Condom

The condom is the only form of contraception that protects against most STIs as well as preventing pregnancy. This method of contraception can be used on demand, is hormone free and can easily be carried with you. And it comes in male and female varieties.

Male condoms are rolled onto an erect penis and act as a physical barrier, preventing sexual fluids from passing between people during sex. The female condom is placed into the vagina right before sex. Based on typical use, the female condom is not quite as effective as the male latex condom and it may take a little practice to get used to.

Pros include: It’s the best protection against STIs; can be used on demand; hormone free.

Cons include: It can tear or come off during sex if not used properly; some people are allergic to latex condoms.

Condoms are the only form of contraception that also protect against STIs.

The Oral Contraceptive Pill

It’s the little tablet taken once a day. The oral contraceptive pill is the most commonly reported method of contraception used by Australian women. There are a few different types of pill to choose from, so it’s about finding the one that’s right for you. The combined pill contains estrogen and progestin and mini pill contains only one hormone, a progestin. The pill can have many benefits, however remembering to take it on time is a must.

Pros of taking the pill include: Highly effective when used correctly; permits sexual spontaneity and doesn’t interrupt sex; some pills may even reduce heavy and painful periods and/or may have a positive effect on acne.

Cons include: Forgetting to take your pill means it won’t be as effective; it can only be used by women; is not suitable for women who can't take oestrogen-containing contraception; it does not protect against STIs.

The pill is only available by getting a prescription from a medical professional so visit your local doctor or sexual health clinic.

The oral contraceptive pill is taken once a day and is currently the most common contraception used by Australian women.

Intrauterine Device (IUD)

This small, T-shaped device is made from made of material containing progesterone hormone or plastic and copper and is fitted inside a woman’s uterus by a trained healthcare provider. It's a long-acting and reversible method of contraception, which can stay in place for three to 10 years, depending on the type.

Some IUDs contain hormones that are gradually released to prevent pregnancy. The IUD can also be an effective emergency contraception if fitted by a healthcare professional within five days (120 hours) of having unprotected sex.

IUDs containing coppers are 99% effective and the ones containing hormones are 99.8% effective, so you’re about as protected as you possibly can be by a contraceptive method.

Cons include: Irregular bleeding and spotting occurs in the first six months of use; requires a trained healthcare provider for insertion and removal; does not protect against STIs.

IUDs offer very effective protection against pregnancy.

The Contraceptive Implant

In this method, a small, flexible rod is placed under the skin in a woman’s upper arm, releasing a form of the hormone progesterone. The hormone stops the ovary releasing the egg and thickens the cervical mucus making it difficult for sperm to enter the womb. The implant requires a small procedure using local anesthetic to fit and remove the rod and needs to be replaced after three years.

Pros of the implant include: Highly effective; doesn’t interrupt sex; is a long-lasting, reversible contraceptive option.

Cons include: Requires a trained healthcare provider for insertion and removal; sometimes there can be irregular bleeding initially; does not protect against STIs.

Women can choose to use the implant as a long-term contraceptive method.

The Contraceptive Injection

The injection contains a synthetic version of the hormone progestogen. It is given into a woman’s buttock or the upper arm, and over the next 12 weeks the hormone is slowly released into your bloodstream.

Pros: The injection lasts for up to three months; is very effective; permits sexual spontaneity and doesn’t interrupt sex.

Cons: The injection may cause disrupted periods or irregular bleeding; it requires keeping track of the number of months used; itdoes not protect against STIs.

The contraceptive injection uses progestogen to prevent pregnancy.

Emergency Contraception Pill (The ‘Morning After’ Pill)

The Emergency Contraception Pill can be used to prevent pregnancy after sex if contraception wasn’t used, a condom has broken during sex, or a woman has been sexually assaulted.

While it is sometimes call the ‘Morning After’ pill, it can actually be effective for up to five days after having unprotected sex. The sooner it is taken, the more effective it is; when taken in the first three days after sex, it prevents about 85% of expected pregnancies.

This pill contains special doses of female hormones. Any woman can take the emergency contraception pill, even those who cannot take other oral contraceptive pills. It can be bought over the counter at a pharmacy or chemist without a prescription.

The common side effects of the emergency contraceptive include nausea, vomiting and the next period may be early or delayed. Emergency contraception does not protect against STIs.

Emergency contraception can be used after having sex to prevent pregnancy.

Contraceptive Ring

This method consists of a flexible plastic ring constantly releasing hormones that is placed in the vagina by the woman. It stays in place for three weeks, and then you remove it, take a week off then pop another one in. The ring releases the hormones oestrogen and progestogen. These are the same hormones used in the combined oral contraceptive pill, but at a lower dose.

Pros include: You can insert and remove a vaginal ring yourself; this contraceptive method has few side effects, allows control of your periods and allows your fertility to return quickly when the ring is removed.

Cons include: It is not suitable for women who can't take oestrogen-containing contraception; you need to remember to replace it at the right time; does not protect against STIs.

The contraceptive ring releases a lower dose of hormones to control a woman's ability to conceive than other contraceptive methods like the pill.

Diaphragm

A diaphragm is a small, soft silicon dome is placed inside the vagina to stop sperm from entering the uterus. It forms a physical barrier between the man's sperm and the woman's egg, like a condom.

The diaphragm needs to stay in place for at least six hours after sex. After six - but no longer than 24 hours after sex - it needs to be taken out and cleaned.

Some of the pros: You can use the same diaphragm more than once, and it can last up to two years if you look after it.

Some of the cons: Using a diaphragm can take practice and requires keeping track of the hours inserted. The diaphragm works fairly well if used correctly, but not as well as the pill, a contraceptive implant or an IUD.

Diaphragms might seem like an 'old school' contraceptive method, but could they be your contraception of choice?

Sterilisation

Sterilisation is the process of completely taking away the body’s ability to reproduce through open or minimal invasion surgery. It is a permanent method of contraception, suitable for people who are sure they never want children or do not want any more children. Sterilisation is available for both women and men and is performed in a hospital with general anesthesia.

If you are thinking about sterilisation, issues to talk with your doctor about include your reasons for wanting to be sterilised, whether other methods of contraception might be more suitable and any side effects, risks and complications of the procedure.

Because sterilisation can be permanent, it's only suitable for people who definitely do not want to have any children, or any further children, in the future.